Social Science notes RBSE 10th History Chapter 1 Part 3

Social Science notes for RBSE 10th Chapter 1 of history Part 3 are here. There are other two parts to this chapter, also visit them for complete chapter notes.

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Pala dynasty (Social Science notes RBSE 10th)

Began in 750 CE in Bengal.
Dharmapala was the second and most powerful ruler of the Pala dynasty. He extended his empire from Kannauj and engaged in a triangular war with Pratihara and Rashtrakutas.
Dharmapala son Devapala won several battles. He transferred his capital from Patliputra to Bengal.
After, the Devapala Pala empire began to weaken.
During the reign of Mahipala I, Chola king Rajendra I occupied the river Ganga.
Kings of the Pala dynasty were followers of Buddhism and so Buddhism educational centers were developed.
Kings of the Pala dynasty were lovers of art and architecture.

Rashtrakuta Dynasty

Founded by Dantidurga in 736 CE. Dantidurga made Nasik as his capital.
Dantidurga eliminated the rule of Chalukya by defeating Kirti Varman II.
Krishna I, built the very famous Kailashnath temple of Ellora.
Dhruva, the fourth ruler defeated Gurjara-Pratihara king Vatsaraj and fifth ruler Govinda III defeated Gurjara-Pratihara king Nagabhatta II and Pala king Dharmapala.
King Dhruva extended his empire from Malwa up to Kanchi.
6^th ruler, Amoghavarsha ruled about 64 years and was peace loving king. He made Manyakhet as his capital.
Krishna II and Indra III defeated Mahipala and forced him to run away.
During 12^th ruler, Krishna III a long struggle took between Rashtrakutas and Chola kings.
Chalukya king Tailapa defeated Karka II of Rashtrakuta dynasty in 973 CE.
Rashtrakuta kings were great supporter of Vedic religion. They provide support for the growth of Sanskrit and Kannada language.

Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty

Founded by Nagabhatta in 725 CE.
Vatsaraj was the first king who took the title of Emperor. Vatsaraja son Nagabhatta II invaded Ganga valley in around 816 CE and occupied Kannauj to make its as capital.
Nagabhatta II was defeated Rashtrakuta king Govind III.
Bhoja I was the greatest ruler of this dynasty. He was also known as Mihir Bhoja. He was grandson of Nagabhatta II.
After Bhoja I, Mahendrapala became the ruler who was disciple and protector of the great poet Rajashekhara – the composer of Karpuramanjari.
Mahendra’s son Mahipala was badly defeated by the Rashtrakuta king Indra III. During his reign empire began to decline.
During the time of invasion of Mahmud Ghaznavi, Rajyapala was the king of Kannauj. He accepted the sovereignty of Mahmud. Due to this, neighbouring king become annoyed and just after Mahmud returned to his territory, they killed Rajyapala under the leadership of Chandela king Ganda.
After the rise of Gahadvala (Rathore) dynasty in Kannauj, the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty was eliminated forever in the second quarter of 11^th

Chola Dynasty

This was one of the three major regions of ancient Dakshinapatha. The other two were – Pandya and Chera.
The resident of Chola kingdom speaks Tamil.
Thiruvalluvar composed “Kular” which is an excellent example of Tamil literature.
Karikala who was first ruler of Chola dynasty laid foundation of Puhar or Pugar town. He built a dam on the bank of Kaveri river. He shifted his capital of Cholas from Uragpur (Uruyur) to Kaveripatnam.
Vijayalaya’s son and successor Aaditya defeated Pallava king Aparajita.
Aditya’s son Prarantaka I crushed the power of the Pallavas badly. He also occupied Madurai which was the capital of the Pandyas.

Rajaraja I

He became the almighty ruler of south India by occupying entire Madras, Mysore, Coorg and Sinhala deep (Sri Lanka).
He built Shiva temple named Rajarajeshwara (Brihadeshwara) temple in his capital Tanjore.
His son and successor Rajendra I possessed a strong naval power who conquered Pengu, Martban and Andaman-Nicobar Islands. He fought a war with Mahipala.
He extended his empire to far off Ganga by proceeding through Orissa, Kausal, Bengal and Magdha and to commemorate his victories he gained title of ‘Gangaikonda’.
His son Rajadhiraja was killed during the battle of Koppam while fighting with Chalukya king Someshwara. But Veer Rajendra defeated the Chalukya king in the battle of Kudal-Sangamam.
Soon after, in the succession struggle among the Cholas Rajendra Kulottunga I ascended the throne. His mother was Chola princess and father was Chalukya king. He established a new dynasty named Chalukya-Chola dynasty.

Chola administration

Chola administration was based on Gram Panchayat system. This kingdom was divided into six provinces, also known as Mandalam.
Kottam was the subunit of Mandalam. Nadu, Kurram and Gram was the subunit of Kottam.
The smallest unit of administration was Gram Sabha. Assembly of Nadu was called Nattar and units of town were called Nagartar.
Village representatives were appointed every year.
Every mandalam was fully independent but there was no central legislature present to control the power of the king.
About 1/6 th of the production was paid as Lagaan or revenue to the king. It could be paid in the form of gold coins or grains.
The coins were called as ‘Kasu’ which weight 16 ounces.
Chola kingdom had massive military power along with strong naval forces.

Chola Art

Cholas promoted the architecture style of Pallava. Various features of Dravidian architectural style of the Cholas are as follows- quadrate Vimanas, Mandapas, Gopurams, large halls adorned with artistic pillars, traditional lions, brackets and joint pillars etc.
The Shiva temple (Rajarajeshwara temple) made by Rajaraja I is an excellent example of Dravidian architecture.
Temples of Chidambaram and Tanjore are the best among Chola temples.
The copper statues of Nataraja Shiva built during Chola period are regarded to the best.

Society

Chola kings were the followers of Shiva sect. Kings had also performed Ashvamedha yajna.
Women were used to the property owners of the society.
Dasa and Devadasi system was also prevalent.

Pallava Dynasty

Ruler of the dynasty ruled upon the modern districts of Arcot, Madras, Trchinapalli and Tanjore.
The First Pallava king was Vishnugopa (Kanchi). Shimavishnu ascends the throne in the second half of the sixty century and after the Pallava ruled for about two centuries.
Major Pallava kings include Mahendravarman I, Narsimhavarman I, Mahendravarman II, Parameshwarvarman, Narshimhavarman II, Narshimhavarman II, Parameshwarvarman II, Nandivarman II, and Aparajit.
Mahendravarman was a great architect, he built many temples of carved stones.
Mahendravarman I also wrote a play named Mattavilasa Prahasana. He was defeated by Chalukya king Pulakeshin II. Mahendra’s son and successor Narshimhavarman (Mahamalla) defeated Pulakeshin II.
Chalukya king Vikramaditya I defeated Pallava king Parameshwarvarman and occupied his capital Kanchi.
Initial Pallava rulers established a town named Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) and built five chariot temples over there.
Temples were also built in Kanchi.
Some Pallava rulers worshipped Vishnu and some Shiva.

Chalukya dynasty

Chalukya king Pulakeshin I had performed Ashvamedha yajna.
Fourth king Pulakeshin II was the most famous ruler. He occupied the throne in 608 CE. He extended his empire from Narmada in the north to Kaveri in the south.
He defeated Pallava king Narshimavarman in 642 CE.
Pulakeshin’s son Vikramaditya II reestablished the glory of the Chalukyas.
Chalukya king Vikramaditya II defeated the Rashtrakuta king in 973 CE and founded a new Chalukya dynasty by making Kalyani his capital. This kingdom remained in conflict with Chola rulers.
Chola king Rajaraja defeated Satyashraya and crushed the Chalukya kingdom. But, Someshwara I avenged this defeat by not only defeating the Chola king Rajadhiraja badly in the battle of Koppam, but he also assassinated Rajadhiraja in the battle.
The seventh king Vikramaditya IV (VIkramanka), occupied Kanchi and provided shelter to poet Bilhana. Bilhana wrote a book named ‘Vikramankadevcharitra’.
Chalukyas king also provided protection to Jainism and Buddhism.

External Invasions and Assimilation – Sakas, Hunas, and Kushanas

Sakas were a warrior tribe of central Asia that occupied the entire region of western Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Sakas came into India through Bolan Pass. The Ramayana and Mahabharata mentioned Shakas colonies with Kambojas and Yavanas.
Excavated coins show that Shakas established their dominations in the Uttarapath and Mathura and with the passage of time they spread in Avanti, Saurashtra, and Maharashtra.
The Saka power was demolished by the Pallavas in Taxila.
Hammamash and Haggan were the initial Saka Kshatrapas of Mathura and later king Rajbul called Mahakshtrapa.
The Kushanas demolished the Saka’s power in Mathura.
Two rulers of the Kshahrat dynasty of the Sakas – namely Bhumak and Nahapan were famous.
Coins excavated from Jogalthambi provide evidence that Nahapan was defeated by Gautamiputra Satkarni.

Hunas

Huna was a barbaric tribe of central Asia which were also called “Daityas”.
They first invaded during the time of Skandagupta in which they were defeated.
A chief named Toramana destroyed the Gupta empire and gained the title of Maharajadhiraja by occupying Punjab, Rajputana, Sindh, and Malwa.
Toramana’s son Mihirkula’s made Sialkot his capital.
Mihirkula destroyed many Buddhist monasteries and stupas. Malwa king Yashodharma defeated him.

Kushan Dynasty

Kushans were also known as Yuezhis or Tocharians. Yuezhi tribe was divided into five parts. One of these tribes ruled upon some parts of India.

NOTE: Some unimportant part from the notes has been eliminated.

Kanishka

He is regarded as one of the important rulers of India.
The fourth Buddhist Council was held in Kundalvana of Kashmir under the presidentship of Acharya Parshva in Kanishka’s time.
His first capital was Peshawar (Purushpur) and his second capital was Mathura.
He enforced a new era in 748 CE, which is also known as the Saka era.
Kanishka conquered Kashmir and populated a town Kanishkapur over there. A statue of Kanishka has been found in Mathura.
In the royal court of Kanishka, there were intellects such as Parshva, Vasumitra, Ashvaghosha, and famous mathematicians such as Nagarjuna and renowned surgeons Charak were present.